清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院建院60周年回顧展
THAD 60th Anniversary Exhibition
6X10一個大學(xué)設(shè)計院的現(xiàn)代建筑史
6 X10 A Modern History of Architecture by THAD
主辦Host：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院 / 清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院
Architecture Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University
承辦Co-Host：清華大學(xué)《住區(qū)》雜志 Design Community Magazine
總策劃 Director：莊惟敏 ZHUANG Weimin
執(zhí)行策劃 Executive Director：劉玉龍、王韜、楊絲路、黃獻明、屈小羽、李文虹、王彥
LIU Yulong, WANG Tao, YANG Silu, HUANG Xianming, QU Xiaoyu, LI Wenhong, WANG Yan
展陳設(shè)計 Exhibition Design：Martijn de Geus、張涵 ZHANG Han
展覽統(tǒng)籌Coordination：鞏金蕊、李鑫瀚、陳芳、王若溪
GONG Jinrui, LI Xinhan, CHEN Fang, WANG Ruoxi
在現(xiàn)代建筑史中，大學(xué)與設(shè)計院相互制約并相互激發(fā)，在不同時期交替擔任著傳承者或革新者的角色，推動著現(xiàn)代建筑的發(fā)展。當其中一方趨于保守，另一方就會醞釀變革；當一方狂飆突進，另一方就會視傳承為己任。1958年，擁有建筑學(xué)專業(yè)的一批中國大學(xué)成立了自己的設(shè)計院，大學(xué)與設(shè)計院第一次被融為一體，成為中國乃至世界建筑界一個特殊的現(xiàn)象，清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院就是其中之一。自此，大學(xué)設(shè)計院的發(fā)展就和中國現(xiàn)代建筑緊密的結(jié)合在一起。60年后的今天，我們在清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院成立60周年之際，策劃了這個名為“一個大學(xué)設(shè)計院的建筑史”的展覽。因為，當我們回首清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院這六個十年，會發(fā)現(xiàn)其研究與實踐與中國社會經(jīng)濟的脈動、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)的發(fā)展、設(shè)計思潮的起伏密切相連。既反映著中國這60年的建筑實踐，也呈現(xiàn)了中國建筑學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展。因此，這既是一個大學(xué)設(shè)計院的發(fā)展歷程，也是中國現(xiàn)代建筑史的一個縮影。
In the history of modern architecture, universities and design offices have always had a mutual-constraining and mutual-inspiring relationship, propelling the development of architecture. When one side becomes conservative, the other brews revolution; one focuses on development, the other then takes retaining tradition its responsibility. In 1958, universities in China formed their own design offices. For the first time in history, the university and the design office were integrated into one – University-based Design Office (UDO). From then on, the development of UDO has been closely knitted into the history of modern architecture of China. Six decades have passed, at the day of the 60th anniversary of Architecture Design and Research Institute of China of Tsinghua University (THAD), we present this exhibition – “A History of Modern Architecture by THAD”. When we review the last 60 years, we can see that the development of THAD and its works are directly echoing with the socio-economic background, urban development and architecture trends. It is a 60-year history of architecture practice, as well as a history of academic exploration under given circumstances. Therefore, the exhibition presents the path travelled by THAD in the past 60 years, and it can also serve well as a vivid section of the history of modern architecture of China.
1958-1967：構(gòu)建認同
Constructing Identity1949年之前，中國建筑的一個重要命題就是尋找一種結(jié)合西方現(xiàn)代理念和中國傳統(tǒng)的建筑語言。1949年之后，在這個命題之上，又增加了一個更重要和緊迫的使命：隨著中華人民共和國的建立，如何讓一種新的社會制度下的建筑形成一種新的社會與城市環(huán)境，既和過去有所不同（傳統(tǒng)時期以及民國時期），同時又能宣示一個新時代的到來？兩個命題的核心是一致的，那就是建筑設(shè)計要在新的社會關(guān)系、生產(chǎn)方式和思想觀念下，塑造一種新的國家與民族認同。清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院正式成立在1958年，由于其與清華大學(xué)建筑系發(fā)展密不可分的關(guān)系，其自建立初期直到1966年的設(shè)計實踐中，始終貫穿了塑造國家與民族認同的使命。
Before 1949, an important proposition of China architecture was to seek for a type of architecture language capable of combining western modern idea and Chinese tradition. After 1949, another more important and urgent mission was added to this proposition: with the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, how to form a new social and urban environment by buildings under the new social institution so as to be different from the past (traditional period and the Republic of China) while declaring the coming of a new era? The two propositions shared the same core that architecture design shall characterize a new recognition of country and nation under new social relationship, production mode and ideology. THAD was formally established in 1958 and due to its inseparable relationship with the Department of Architecture of Tsinghua University, the mission of characterizing the recognition of country and nation ran through all its designs since the establishment until 1966.
社會經(jīng)濟背景Socio-economic Development
城市發(fā)展 Urban Development
國內(nèi)外建筑思潮Architecture Trends
THAD設(shè)計實踐案例 Works by THAD
清華大學(xué)1-4號宿舍樓
清華大學(xué)第二教學(xué)樓
1968-1977: 工業(yè)化與意識形態(tài)
Industrialization and Ideology建筑發(fā)展不可避免的受到社會工業(yè)和技術(shù)條件與意識形態(tài)的影響。自第一個五年計劃計劃以來，中國邁上了工業(yè)化的道路，在建筑設(shè)計中也引入了現(xiàn)代建筑設(shè)計方法、技術(shù)、規(guī)范和標準，這也體現(xiàn)在清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院自建國以來一系列的設(shè)計實踐中。而到了1966年文化大革命開始，工業(yè)化的步伐雖然仍在繼續(xù)，但是意識形態(tài)的因素開始全面壓倒了工業(yè)與技術(shù)的發(fā)展進程。建筑設(shè)計中在這個時期的兩個特征是，一方面，工業(yè)化的發(fā)展向國防與三線建設(shè)傾斜，另一方面是極左意識形態(tài)下出現(xiàn)的一些特殊建筑類型，以及建筑與城市發(fā)展的停滯和管理的無政府化。
Architecture was inevitably influenced by social, industrial and technical conditions and ideology when moving on. China had stepped on the road to industrialization since the first “five-year” plan, and methods, technologies, specifications and standards of modern architecture were also introduced into architecture design, which was reflected in a series of designs of THAD since the foundation of new China. However, when it came to 1966, as the Great Cultural Revolution started, the factor of ideology also started to overwhelm from all facets the development and progress of industry and technology, though the industrialization kept moving on. Two features of architecture design during this period were the emphasis of industrialization on national defense and three-line construction and the influence of ultra-left ideology under which some special types of architecture appeared, architecture and urban developments stopped and management was caught into anarchy.
社會經(jīng)濟背景Socio-economic Development
城市發(fā)展 Urban Development
國內(nèi)外建筑思潮Architecture Trends
THAD設(shè)計實踐案例 Works by THAD
清華大學(xué)主教學(xué)樓
1978-1987: 改革開放
Reforms and Opening-up1978年開始中國進入了改革開放的時期。十年動亂結(jié)束，建筑設(shè)計發(fā)展回歸正?；?。對于計劃經(jīng)濟體制的改革帶來了建設(shè)投資機制的變化，為建筑設(shè)計注入了新的活力；對外開放則帶來了國外建筑發(fā)展的信息和交流，促進了建筑學(xué)術(shù)和實踐的發(fā)展。清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院也在這個時期也開始回歸建筑設(shè)計研究的本體，吸收國外先進的理論與方法，開啟了新的研究與實踐。隨著基本建設(shè)投資體制的變化、公有住房制度的改革以及土地開放市場的放開，也給建筑設(shè)計行業(yè)本身帶來了新的變化，除了計劃經(jīng)濟時期自上而下的建筑設(shè)計任務(wù)，這個時期有了更多社會自身發(fā)展帶來的自下而上的建筑需求，這也深刻地影響了這個時期清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院的設(shè)計實踐。建筑設(shè)計不再僅僅是服務(wù)于國家需要，變得更加貼近社會、更加貼近生活。
China entered the period of reform and opening-up since 1978, and architecture design finally returned to normal after the ten chaotic years ended. The reform of planned economic system brought over changes to construction system and investment system and invigorated the design of architecture; the opening-up brought in information and exchanges on architecture development of foreign countries, facilitating academics and practices of architecture. THAD also started to return to the architecture design in itself during this period, absorbing advanced theories and methods and enabling new researches and practices. Changes of infrastructure investment system, reform of public-owned housing system and decontrol of land market brought new changes to the industry of architecture design. Besides the from-top-to-bottom architecture design task as left by planned economic system, during current period, there were more and more from-bottom-to-top architecture demands as generated by social developments, which profoundly influenced designs of THAD. Architecture design was no longer exclusive for needs of the country, but more close to society and life.
社會經(jīng)濟背景Socio-economic Development
城市發(fā)展 Urban Development
國內(nèi)外建筑思潮Architecture Trends
THAD設(shè)計實踐案例 Works by THAD
臺階式花園住宅
云谷山莊
1988-1997: 市場與社會
Market and Society土地開發(fā)機制的出現(xiàn)，市場化住房供應(yīng)的建立，對建筑設(shè)計提出了市場與社會雙方面的要求。市場化的需求代表了新時期對于私人需求的認可，而共同價值仍然是不可缺少的社會粘合劑。清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院在這個時期的實踐，從市場和社會兩個角度呈現(xiàn)了這個市場化蓬勃發(fā)展時期的雙重使命：私人市場在逐步建立、社會共同進步仍然不可或缺。另一方面，在經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展，西方先進思想和技術(shù)大量快速涌入的同時，重估自身傳統(tǒng)文化價值的命題再度浮現(xiàn)。作為中國學(xué)術(shù)共同體中重要的一員，以探尋和總結(jié)建筑設(shè)計學(xué)術(shù)方法與理論為己任，清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院在這個時期的設(shè)計實踐中，在服務(wù)于市場需求和社會價值的同時，也主動承擔了挖掘、保護和再現(xiàn)中國傳統(tǒng)建筑與城市文化價值的責任。
The appearance of land development mechanism and the establishment of system that provided housings in a marketization manner proposed to architecture design their requirements from views of both market and society. The marketization demand represented the acknowledgement to private demand in a new era, while common value was still a necessary social adhesive. Designs of THAD during this period reflected, from views of both market and society, these two missions in the background of vigorous development of marketization: private market was gradually establishing and common social progress was still necessary. On the other hand, while the economy rapidly developed and masses of advanced western ideas and technologies flooded in as fast as possible, the proposition of revaluating our own traditional culture emerged again. As an important member of China Academic Community, by taking the exploration and the summarization of academic methods and theories of architecture design as its own mission, designs of THAD during this period voluntarily assumed responsibilities of exploring, protecting and reappearing culture values of traditional Chinese architecture and cities while serving for market demands and social values.
社會經(jīng)濟背景Socio-economic Development
城市發(fā)展 Urban Development
國內(nèi)外建筑思潮Architecture Trends
THAD設(shè)計實踐案例 Works by THAD
北京體育學(xué)院體育館
清華大學(xué)圖書館三期
1998-2007：大事件與大視野
Events and Horizon隨著經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展、中國的對外開放、媒體與信息交流的激增，在建筑設(shè)計研究與實踐的基礎(chǔ)上，吳良鏞先生提出了人居環(huán)境科學(xué)理論，以宏觀視野將建筑、城市、景觀相結(jié)合，將社會、文化、環(huán)境、技術(shù)等問題相融匯，成為指導(dǎo)建筑設(shè)計學(xué)術(shù)與實踐發(fā)展的框架。這個時期，清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院的設(shè)計實踐也越來越多的介入國家社會的大事件，并以廣闊的學(xué)術(shù)視野，將其納入到人居環(huán)境問題的研究中去，將學(xué)術(shù)研究與具體的設(shè)計實踐緊密結(jié)合在一起，從而呼應(yīng)更為廣闊的社會發(fā)展需求，服務(wù)于學(xué)科發(fā)展的目標。例如，2008年在北京舉行的奧運會，清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院參與了其中數(shù)個主要場館的設(shè)計；同時，清華大學(xué)設(shè)計院還開展了工業(yè)化建造體系的開發(fā)、使用后評估方法的推廣等具有更為寬廣社會示范效應(yīng)的研究和實踐。
With developments of economy and society, opening-up of China and surge of media and information exchange, based on researches and practices of architecture design, Mr. WU Liangyong proposed a scientific theory on habitat environment that integrated architecture, city and landscape and incorporated culture, environment and technology etc. from a macro perspective. This theory has become the frame guiding the developments of academics and practices of architecture design. Designs of THAD during this period were involved in more and more national and social affairs and integrated them into researches on habitat environment from a broader academic perspective so as to closely combine academic researches and specific designs, calling for more extensive demands of social developments and better serving the target of developing relevant disciplines. For example, THAD has participated in designing many important venues of 2008 Beijing Olympics; meanwhile, THAD also developed the industrialization construction system and promoted the post occupation evaluation method, including many other researches and practices with more extensive social demonstration effects.
國內(nèi)外建筑思潮綜述 Architecture development
THAD各建筑類型的發(fā)展描述與實踐案例 THAD practice by building categories
文化 Culture
教育 Education
體育 Sports
科研 Research
居住 Housing
文保 Heritage
人居環(huán)境其他諸領(lǐng)域 Other aspects of human settlements
北京大學(xué)圖書館（新館及舊館改造）
北京科技大學(xué)體育館（2008年奧運會柔道、跆拳道比賽館）
2008-今天：探尋現(xiàn)代性
Explore Modernity在最近這個十年中，清華大學(xué)的設(shè)計實踐越來越緊密的和社會發(fā)展結(jié)合在一起，其學(xué)術(shù)與實踐并重的路線在不斷發(fā)揚光大。在參與社會大事件上，清華設(shè)計院參與了亞洲投資銀行總部設(shè)計、北京冬奧會場館規(guī)劃設(shè)計、雄安新區(qū)規(guī)劃設(shè)計等重要項目。在城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展領(lǐng)域，清華設(shè)計院介入了新農(nóng)村建設(shè)、城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的工作。在響應(yīng)市場需求上，清華設(shè)計院承接了越來越多不同類型和特點的設(shè)計任務(wù)，服務(wù)于不同的人群與需求。在建筑設(shè)計發(fā)展的前瞻性上，清華設(shè)計院正在努力推動建筑策劃與使用后評估工作的普及，以使社會資本投入更為有效、使用者需求更有保障。在文化遺產(chǎn)保護上，清華設(shè)計院完成了大量城
